Types of Melanoma

Melanoma is a malignant tumor.It commonly arises as a new structure but nodular melanoma may arise on top pre-existing acquired or congenital nevi (mole).
Malignant transformation of a pre-existing nervus is suspected when the size enlarges whit ulceration,color changes and regional lymph node enlargement.
Malignant melanoma develop on the fallowing sites:
-skin,anywhere in the body including head neck,scrotum,palms of hands,soles of feet.
-less common sites: mucous membranes and mucocutaneous junctions as conjunctiva,rectum,mouth and vagina,eyes as choroid and iris.

Types of Melanoma:

1.Melanoma with radial pattern of growth:
Tumors grows laterally within the epidermis.
-Lentigo Maligna : appers aa pigmented macule in the face of elderly people.
-Superficial spreading melanoma : appears as slightly raised brown irregular patch in legs or back of the patient
-Acral Lentiginous Melanoma : it occurs in hairless skin (palms and soles).

2.Melanoma with vertical pattern of growth (nodular melanoma):
It is an agressive tumor with poor prognosis.
Appears as an ulcerating nodule,-3 cm in diameter,dark brown,but may be pale in color.

STEM CELLS - Sources and Therapeutic Applications

Stem cells exist in various parts of the human body at every stage of development from embryo to adult.
They are the master cells of the body.They are unspecialized cells that can divide giving copies of themselves and under proper conditions can alo develop into mature cells of different types such as liver cells,nerve cells,skin,pancreatic insulin producing cells,cardiac muscle,vessels and many others.The recent exhaustive researches about stem cells prove that these cells can be ued in repairing,treating and curing a variety of diseases and injuries.
Also a number of recent experiments have raised the possibility that stem cells from one tissue may be able to give rise to cell types of a completely different tissue.This phenomenon is known as stem cell plasticity.
Exemples of such plasticity include bone marrow stem cells becoming neurons or pancreatic islet cells that are capable of producing insulin.

Sources of STEM CELLS:
Stem Cells can be colected from:
-aborted fetuses or IVF embryos (fertilized eggs)-but it is a etthical utility
-bone marrow
-peripherial blood
-umbilical cord blood
-skin
-pulp of milk teeth
-and fat cells are recnt sources of adult stem cells

Therapeutic Applications of STEM CELLS:
-Generation of different types of neurons for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
-Spinal Cord Injuries
-Parkinson's disease
-Generation of insulin-secreting pancreatic islet cells to treat type I Diabetes
-Production of heart muscle cells to repair myocardial injury
-Generation of hair folicle stem cells for the treatment of certain types of baldness
-Drug testing
-Cancer research
-Research on embryonic development.

Pigmented Moles in Children

The pigmented mole is a sign of benign disease of the skin but not a true tumor.
Occurs for congenital cause,but the most commonly aquired.The aquired type is almost present in all persons,usually as multiple lesions,starting during childhood and stop growing at puberty.They may progressively disappear,but some persist.
The lesions start as small (1-2 mm) brown to black macules that enlarge gradually (rarely excced 6mm).As they enlarge they become depigmented and appear as pink papules.By congenital cause the mole will appear blue.
If you notice any of this signs do a medical examination.
Malignant transformation is very rare.

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Psoriasis-Characteristics,Types and Treatment

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Psoriasis it is a common chronic disease,non-infective genetically  and usually with no symptoms except from its cosmetic changes.

Symptoms:
The first stage is characterized by:
-red papule covered by silvery withe scales,whne scales are removed,bleeding points appear\
-appears on the surface of the elbows,knees,it may occur in the scalp,abdomen,genital area.
-the skin is dry and may be painful
-skin red and swollen
-in pustular psoriasis :fever,chills,severe itching,rapide pulse arte,loss of appetite,muscle wikness,anemia.

Psoriasis is more prevalent in people who are overweight.
Generalized psoriasis is called Exfoliative Psoriasis.
According to the size of papules exist:
-punctate psoriasis (the size of pinhead)
-guttate psoriasis (from 2-3 mm up to 1 cm)
-nummular psoriasis (from 1 cm to several cms,coin shaped).

Psoriasis is associated with:
-nail affection
-arthritis
-Koebner's Phenomenon(skin lesions appearing on lines of trauma,exposure or irritation).

Types of Psoriasis:
-Psoriasis Vulgaris
-Psoriasis of the nail
-Flexural Psoriasis (affects areas where the skin is folded as armpits,etc)
-Napkin Psoriasis (seen in infants between two and eight months of age)
-Psoriasis of the scalp
-Pustular Psoriasis (can be triggered by infections,sunburn or medication)
-Erythrodemic Psoriasis (can occur suddently,tiggers incudes infections,alcoholism,emotional stress or medication and covers a large portion of the body).

The second stage of psoriasis is characterized by hypopigmentation.

Read: Psoriasis Symptoms and Alternative Treatment

Treatment:
The diagnosis has to be gived by the specialist doctor and the treatment has to be taken under supervision.
The topical treatment consist in:
-cosrticosteroids (cream and ointment)
-Dithronol paste
-salicylate
-vitamin D3 (sun exposure).

Psoriasis is treated also by irradiation or antibiotics and by special mud.

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CLIMATOTHERAPY

Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumor

A tumor is a new growth forming,an abnormal mass caused by autonomous self controlling proliferation of cells independent of stimuli.
The study of tumors is referred to as ONCOLOGY.

Clasification of Tumors:
According to their behavior or as biological clasification are:
-Benign (generally have good prognosis)
-Malignant (generally have poor prognosis)
-Intermediate  tumors (locally malignant neoplasms,locally agressive tumors)

According of tissue of origin:
-Epithelial tumors
-Mesenchymal tumors
-Others

Characteristics of BEGNIN TUMOR:

1. The growthis slow and expansile,compressing the surrounding tissue without invasion.
2. Begnin tumors do not spread
3. Begnin tumors do not recur if is well excised
4. Begnin tumors are not dengerous unless:

-they arise in vital organs as brain
-they arise in hollow organs (as intestine) causing obstruction
-they produce hormones as in tumors of endocrine glands
-some begnin tumors may change malignant.This may be clinically manifested by change of growth rate (becoming faster) and growth mode (becoming infiltrative,destructive and metastasizing).

Benign tumor structure:
-tumor margins are well degined
-cut section of the tumor is commonly uniform with no hemorrage or necrosis
-a tumor arise inside a solid organ appears globular or ovoid and aften becomes surrounded by a fibrous capsule composed of a rim of condensed connective tissue
-a tumor arising from surface epithelia form a non-capsulated polyp.

Characteristics of MALIGNANT TUMOR:

1. The rate of growth is often rapid,invasive,infiltrating and destroying the surrounding normal tissue .
2. The malignant tumors spread.
3. -Recurrence after surgical excision is very common either from tumor cell remnats or from a new neoplastic transformation.
4. Malignant tumors are serious and cause death.

Causes of Death includes:
-local organ destruction by direct spread
-distant organ destruction by metatstases
-destruction of vital centrers (brain tumors)
-obstruction of the lumen of hollow organs (intestinal tumors)
-organ failure
-chronic toxemia do to secondary bacterial infection
-anaemia: recurrent hemorrages from the tumors,bone marrow destruction by metastases,high tumor cell metabolism may lead to folic acid deficiency.
-cachecia: it is manifested by marked decrease of body weigh accompanied by profound weakness,anorexia and anaemia.

Malignant tumor structure:
-tumors margins are irregular or ill defined
-cut section of the tumor often shows areas of hemorrage and necrosis
-a tumor inside a solid organ appears as irregular noncapsulated mass
-tumors arise from surface epithelia appears as noncapsulated masses assuming different patterns

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Manifestations of Congenital Syphilis-Infection Transmitted from mother to fetus

Congenital Syphilis names the transplacental infection from a syphilitic mother to the fetus.
In case of infected mother during pregnancy the placenta appears enlarged and pale and this can determinate abortion,stillbirth (give birth to a death fetus) or the baby survives and develops two groups of manifestations:

1.Early Manifestations:
These type of manifestations develop during the first two years of life often between the 2nd and 10th week and are common to those with the secondary stage of disease.Appears:
-skin rash
-mucus patches (found in the mucus membranes of the mouth and anus)
-generalized lymph node enlargement (lymph node-small ball shaped organ of the immun system,distributed widely throughhout the body)
-radiating scars at the angles of mouth and anus
-syphilitic inflamation of organs that can result in pneumonia alba (pale lungs) and syphilitic cirrhosis
-retardation of bone growth.

2.Late Manifestations (2-30 years):
-Hutchinson's Teeth-the permanent central incisors are short,notched and widely separated
-deafness
-sabre tibia (the tibia is thickened and brent)
-saddle nose
-neurosyphilis.

Metabolic Functions of the LIVER

The liver cells are a large chemically reactant pool having a very high rate of metabolism.

1.Carbohydrate Metabolism:
The liver function as a sort of "glucostat" maintaining a constant circulating glucose level under the effect of numerous hormones:
-formation and storage of glycogen
-brackdown of glycogen into glucose
-formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
-conversion of galactose and fructose to glucose.

2.Fat Metabolism:
-has a high rate in oxidation of fatty acids to supply energy for other body functioons
-has a role in formation of lipoproteins (particles formed of both water and fat)
-a role in synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids
-and do the conversion of cholesterol and proteins to fat.

3.Protein Metabolism:
-deamination of aminoacids before they can be used for energy or before thay can be transformed into carbohydrates or fats
-formation of urea (chemical compound found in urine)
-formation of plasma proteins
-synthesis of all non-essential amino-acids.

Other functions of liver:
-storage of vitamins: such as vitamin A,D and B12
-storage of iron
-detoxification or excretion of drugs,hormones and other substances.

Protect your liver through a healthy diet and don't do excess of drugs!

Reduce a large mass of adipose tissue with regular exercise! Medical explanation.

Whit regular physical activity we can burn fat deposits.Training brings a reduction in both the size and the fat content of individual adipose cell,although the cell number apparently remains the unchanged.
The sensitivity of the body receptors is also increased during effort and so the adipocyties liberate more free fatty acids when receives catecholamine (hormones released by the adrenalin glands in response to stress)stimulus.
Reduction of adipose tissue mass is larger when substantial amounts of energy are expended for some months and that is why long periods of vigorous exercise reduce more body fat.
Regular and concentrate exercise can also reduce serum triglycerides (the excess of calories food is stored in the body as tryglycerides),flow density lipoproteins (particles composed both by water and fat) and total colesterol (fat transported in blood).

Take care of your health!Have control over your daily diet and do physical activity.Like that you can prevent complications of overweight body: high blood pressure,cardiovascular diseases,obesity,diabetes,fat liver and stones of gall blodder,atherosclerosis and psychological troubles.