Malignant melanoma and other skin diseases.Make the difference of skin diseases by their type of manifestation (symptoms)

Sunlight is a major cause,particularly in the early years,for malignant melanoma.

It may occur in pre-existing moles.Pay attention in size,shape and colour changes,inflammation,crusting or bleeding,asymetry,irregular colour,elevation,irregular border.

Neighbouring "satellite" lesions may occur.If smooth,well-demarcated and regular,it is unlikly to be a melanoma.

Squamous cell cancer
This usually presents as an ulcerated lesion,with hard,raised edges.They may be found in the lips of smokers or in long standing garvitational leg ulcers.Metastases are rare,but local destruction may be extensive.As treatment is recommanded the total excision.
The condition may be confused with keratoacanthoma-a fast growing benign,self limiting,papule plugged with keratin.
Basal cell carcinoma
Typically ,pearly nodule with rolled,telangiectatic edge uaually on the face.Metastases are very rare.It is locally destructive epithelioma (if left untreated).Lesions on truck may appearas red scaly plaques with rased smooth edge.The cause of basal cell carcinoma is UV exposure.
As treatment is recommanded excision and radiotherapy can be used for large lesions in the elderly.
Bowen's disease
Slow growth red scaly plaque,full thickness,dyspalsia.
Actinic keratoses appear in sun exposure skin as crumbly,yellow-white crusts.Malignant changes may occur.
Secondary carcinoma
The most common metastases to skin are from breast,kidney and lungs.The lesion is usually a firm nodule,most often in the scalp.
Mycasis fungoides
Is a lymphoma which is usually confined to skin.It causes itchy,red plaques.
Leukoplakia
This appears as white patches which may fissure on oral or genital mucosa (where it may itch).
Syphilis
Any genital ulcer is syphilis until proved otherwise.Secondary syphilis:popular rush including,unusually in the palms.

Cat Scratch Disease-Signs and Symptoms

The cat scratch disease is a bacteria infection caused by recently indentified gram-negative bacteria (Bartonella Henselvae),commonly transmited by scratch of the cats,but may be also introduced by thorms or spinters.
The disease appears much often in fall or winter and more is diagnosed in case of kids-they play more with cats and they get biten or scratched.
Fleas spread the bacteria between cats.
The bacteria lives in infected cats saliva and they can care the bacteria months (the cats don't have the symptoms of sickness).
Is considerated that almost half of cats have this bacteria,especially those more younger.

Signs and Symptoms:
A small bump develop several days after the scratch or bite and can be mistaken for a bug bite.This bump is a wound at the site where the bacteria enter the body.This lesions are not painful.
Usually after a couple of weeks after the scratch or bite appears more lymph nodes close to the area of lesion,that swell and become tender.
Although the lesion is on the leg,this nodes will appear most often in the underarm or neck area,if the lesion is in the arm the nodes can appear in elbow and the armpit will swell.
The skin over these swollen lymph nodes become worm and red and occasionally can drain pus.
The symptoms may include fever,fatigue,loss of appetite,headache,rash.

If these symptomes exist try warm,moist compresses or give your child ibuprofen as imediate care.Most recomanded is to address to a doctor,for a sure diagnosis and treatment.

Types of Melanoma

Melanoma is a malignant tumor.It commonly arises as a new structure but nodular melanoma may arise on top pre-existing acquired or congenital nevi (mole).
Malignant transformation of a pre-existing nervus is suspected when the size enlarges whit ulceration,color changes and regional lymph node enlargement.
Malignant melanoma develop on the fallowing sites:
-skin,anywhere in the body including head neck,scrotum,palms of hands,soles of feet.
-less common sites: mucous membranes and mucocutaneous junctions as conjunctiva,rectum,mouth and vagina,eyes as choroid and iris.

Types of Melanoma:

1.Melanoma with radial pattern of growth:
Tumors grows laterally within the epidermis.
-Lentigo Maligna : appers aa pigmented macule in the face of elderly people.
-Superficial spreading melanoma : appears as slightly raised brown irregular patch in legs or back of the patient
-Acral Lentiginous Melanoma : it occurs in hairless skin (palms and soles).

2.Melanoma with vertical pattern of growth (nodular melanoma):
It is an agressive tumor with poor prognosis.
Appears as an ulcerating nodule,-3 cm in diameter,dark brown,but may be pale in color.

Pigmented Moles in Children

The pigmented mole is a sign of benign disease of the skin but not a true tumor.
Occurs for congenital cause,but the most commonly aquired.The aquired type is almost present in all persons,usually as multiple lesions,starting during childhood and stop growing at puberty.They may progressively disappear,but some persist.
The lesions start as small (1-2 mm) brown to black macules that enlarge gradually (rarely excced 6mm).As they enlarge they become depigmented and appear as pink papules.By congenital cause the mole will appear blue.
If you notice any of this signs do a medical examination.
Malignant transformation is very rare.

Psoriasis-Characteristics,Types and Treatment

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Psoriasis it is a common chronic disease,non-infective genetically  and usually with no symptoms except from its cosmetic changes.

Symptoms:
The first stage is characterized by:
-red papule covered by silvery withe scales,whne scales are removed,bleeding points appear\
-appears on the surface of the elbows,knees,it may occur in the scalp,abdomen,genital area.
-the skin is dry and may be painful
-skin red and swollen
-in pustular psoriasis :fever,chills,severe itching,rapide pulse arte,loss of appetite,muscle wikness,anemia.

Psoriasis is more prevalent in people who are overweight.
Generalized psoriasis is called Exfoliative Psoriasis.
According to the size of papules exist:
-punctate psoriasis (the size of pinhead)
-guttate psoriasis (from 2-3 mm up to 1 cm)
-nummular psoriasis (from 1 cm to several cms,coin shaped).

Psoriasis is associated with:
-nail affection
-arthritis
-Koebner's Phenomenon(skin lesions appearing on lines of trauma,exposure or irritation).

Types of Psoriasis:
-Psoriasis Vulgaris
-Psoriasis of the nail
-Flexural Psoriasis (affects areas where the skin is folded as armpits,etc)
-Napkin Psoriasis (seen in infants between two and eight months of age)
-Psoriasis of the scalp
-Pustular Psoriasis (can be triggered by infections,sunburn or medication)
-Erythrodemic Psoriasis (can occur suddently,tiggers incudes infections,alcoholism,emotional stress or medication and covers a large portion of the body).

The second stage of psoriasis is characterized by hypopigmentation.

Read: Psoriasis Symptoms and Alternative Treatment

Treatment:
The diagnosis has to be gived by the specialist doctor and the treatment has to be taken under supervision.
The topical treatment consist in:
-cosrticosteroids (cream and ointment)
-Dithronol paste
-salicylate
-vitamin D3 (sun exposure).

Psoriasis is treated also by irradiation or antibiotics and by special mud.

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CLIMATOTHERAPY

Skin,Hair and Nails Contagoius Diseases- DERMATOPHYTOSES

Dermatophytoses are superficial diseases caused by a group of fungi which invade the skin,hair and nails.Exemples are Taenias.

Dermatophytoses of scalp:
Ringworm and favus (a type of taenia) are contagious diseases of scalp affecting children,specially in less developed communities.This type of dermatophytoses exist on man nd animals: dogs,cats,cattle,horses,rodents.

Modes of Transmission: contact infection.
-direct contact with infected children or animals
-using contaminated rticles and fomites of case like comb,hir brush and headwear.

Prevention:
-the mothers and the children have to know about the mode of transmition and try to avoid any of those conditions
-have clean habits and not to use ny articles and fomites in common with the other
One other important aspect is the sanitation of barbers shops.

Impetigo Contagiosa:
Is a purulent infection of skin,caused by mixed staphylococcus and staphylococcus infection of scratches.

Causes of Impetigo:
-autoinfection: the case infects other parts by cratching whit soiled fingers
-contact with affected skin
-using contaminated articles and fomites of case

Autoinfection and contacts may get infected with:
-nose or ear discharge
-respiratory droplets
contaminated hand
-soiled articles and fomites.

Symptoms:
The clinic picture is characteristic purulent lesion of skin,on exposed parts usually face,neck nd hands.

Prevention:
Any wounds and skin abrasions need aseptic management and protection from any contamination.

Drug eruption

The drug erupsion represents the adverse reaction to drugs which may occur within minutes to 24 hours.
In this case one of the fallowing symptoms can occur:
1.Fixed drug eruption:the same eruption occur at the same site every time the same drug is administrated usually located on lips,dorsum of hands and penis.The common drugs that can cause this eruption are:asprine,analgesics and sulphonamides.
2.Skin diseases:urticaria,erythema multiform or erythema nodosum.
3.Contact dermatitis(rash)
4.Hair fall
5.Pigmentation
6.Depigmentation
7.Ulceration(discontinuity of the skin)
8.Photosensitization(sensitivity of the skin to a light source)
Treatment:
Stop the administration of the drug and after the doctor examination the eruption can be treated with oral antihistaminices and/or steroids.

Acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammation of the piloswbaceous follicles.Appearce usually during puberty and clears round age of 25 years.Is situated on face,chest,back ana upper arm.Can have the fallowing forms:
-comedo:a hormy plug which fill the pilosebaceous follicle.The retained sebum will appear as a black head(open comedo) or withe head(close comedo0 when is non inflamed pore blacked with sebum.
-papule:a solid spot.
-pustule:a small accumulation of pus in epidermis
-cyst:a closed sac that may contain air,fluids,or semi-solid material.A collection of pus represents an abcess,not a cyst.Once formed,a cyst can go away on its own or have to be remouved through surgery.
-scar:a wound in the repairing proces of the skin.
Theories about the causes:
1.Endocrinal:
-acne fallow testosterone
-acne in females is usually exacerbated near menses
-progesteron therapy increase acne
-estrogen makes them disappear
2.Genetic
3.Bacterian infection
4.Others:hypo or hypervitaminosis A,diets that contains chocolates,nuts,cheese and psychological facts.

Treatment:
a)Topical:
-benzyl peroxide:is comedolytic if it used regularly and on long term basis.It has an antibacterian activity.
-sulpher in proportion of 2% in calamin lotion:it may unblock the obstructed hair follicle orifice.
-retinoic acid cream:it is a vitamin A derivated.
-topical antibiotics(Aknemycin).
-azelaic acid(Skinoren)
b)Systematic
-antibiotics.they should be fat soluble.tetracycline or erythromycin 1gm/day for 2-4 weeks.
c)comedo extraction
d)dermabrassion
e)intralesional corticosteroid:in cystic acne.