-direct trauma which is inflected to the bone itself for exemple in case of car accident.
-indirect trauma: trauma is not inflicted to the bone which is broken indirectly.
Less commonly is Pathological Fracture : the bone weakened by disease (osteomyelitis,metastasis) that leads at minor trauma.
Classification of Fracture:
1.According to the presence of skin wound:
-Simple (close) fracture :Overlying skin is intact.
-Compound (open) fracture: associated with overlying skin wound.
2.According to displacement and deformity:
-displaced (angulation,over-riding,rotation,anterior or posterior,lateral).
-undisplaced fracture.
3.According to the shape of the fracture:
-transverse fracture
-longitudinal fracture
-oblique fracture
-comminuted fracture
-spiral fracture
-impacted fracture.
4.Stable or unstable
5.Complete or Incomplete Fisure Fracture
6.Complicated or uncomplicated fracture.
Complications of Fractures:
1.General Complications: (only in fracture femur,pelvis or spine).
-Shock : neurogenic due to severe pain and haemorrhage
-Paralytic ileus and acute gastric dilatation
-Fat embolism
-Complications of prolonged bed rest especially in old people.
-Traumatic anuria in crushing injury
-Urinary calculi
-Tetanus.
Local Complications:
-injury of the skin leading to compound fracture and infection.
-injury of vessels leading to haemorrhage,spasm.
-injury of nerves: may be immediate injury or delayed injury
injury of muscles: loss of muvement,deformity
-injury of joints:ligament injuries,effusion,dislocation.
Symptoms of a fracture:
-Inability to move the part and loss of function
-Pain and tenderness
-Deformity
-Swelling
-abnormal mobility
For investigation is necessary plain X-ray.
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