Gall Bladder Stones

At the level of the gall bladder can be formed two types of stones:

1.Cholesterol Stones-found it 80% of cases,caused by:
-excess cholesterol in bile
-decreased bile sals

2.Pigment Stones-affecting 20% of cases.Exist:
-black pigment tones do to chronica haemolysis
-brown pigment stones due to stagnation of bile in common bile duct.

Prezentation (Symptoms):
The majority of cases (80%) are asymptomatic.
Can appear obstruction of cystic duct (biliary pain or cholecystitis) and obstraction of common bile duct: pain,jaundice,cholangititis.
It does not cause fatty dyspepsia and it is not more common in fatty,fertile,fair,female above 40 years old.

Treatment:
Treatment of cholecystitis :medical treatment  irst and then cholecystectomy.
Treatment of biliary pain: analgesics.
Treatment of obstructiv jaundice: need stone removal.
Treatment of cholangitis: by antimicrobials.

Acromegaly-Features

Acromegaly-is a syndrom resulted when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty.

Acromegaly most commonly affects adults in middle age(20-40 years) evolves gradual,has a course slowly progressive and can result in severe disfigurements at the level of:

1.Head and Face
-big skull with enlogated face
-big ears,big nose,lips and tongue
-prominent frontal bosses and prominent supraprbital ridge.

2.Hands:
-big hands with blunt fingers

3.Skeletal Affection:
-osteoarthritis may occur

4.Skin Affection:
-thick
-wrinkled
-greasy

5.Internal Organs Enlargement

Neurological Manifestation:
-peripherial neuropathy
-parasthesias in hands and feet may occur
-pressure manifestations

Forms of CANDIDIASIS

The fungus "Candida Albicans" is a normal commensal of oral cavity,gastro-intestinal,vagina and skin.
It is a yeast like fungus and becomes pathogenic in fallowing conditions:
-Prolonged antibiotic
-immunosuprpresive therapy.
-others states of immunocompromization as diabetes and AIDS.

Forms of Candidiasis:
1.Superficial Candidiasis:
This is the most common form.It is usually due to prolonged use of antibiotics.
Manifestations are:
-Thrush: White patches in oral mucosa composed of fungal colonies.The submucosa shows infalmmation.
-Vaginal Lesions: similar to oral thrush (white patches and inflammation).
-Paroncychia (lesions under the nails) and macerations of interdigital skin.

2.Gastrointestinal Candidiasis:
Is most common in oesophagus and particularly in AIDS.

3.Invasive Candidiasis:
It is due to blood spread.It is oftenly fatal.The manifestations include:
-renal,hepatic,pulmonary and myocardial abscesses.
-endocarditis.
-brain:microabscesses and meningitis.

Toxoplasmosis-Sources of infection

This infection is caused by a microscopic parasite that can live inside the cells of humans and animals,especially in cats and farm animals.

Pleople can catch toxoplasmosis from:
-touching or coming in contact with infected cat feces
-eating raw or uncooked meat that's contaminted
-eating unwashed fruits or vegetables that have been contaminted
-being born with it (the women infected by toxoplasmosis pass the parasite on her unborn child)
The infection doesn't spread from person to person (only from pregnant to featus).

Toxoplasmosis pass from animal to person sometimes without any symptoms.The symptoms may appear in base of age or imunity system status.
Exist:
-congenital toxoplasmosis (in which the child become infected before birth)
-toxoplasmosis with week imune system.

Cat Scratch Disease-Signs and Symptoms

The cat scratch disease is a bacteria infection caused by recently indentified gram-negative bacteria (Bartonella Henselvae),commonly transmited by scratch of the cats,but may be also introduced by thorms or spinters.
The disease appears much often in fall or winter and more is diagnosed in case of kids-they play more with cats and they get biten or scratched.
Fleas spread the bacteria between cats.
The bacteria lives in infected cats saliva and they can care the bacteria months (the cats don't have the symptoms of sickness).
Is considerated that almost half of cats have this bacteria,especially those more younger.

Signs and Symptoms:
A small bump develop several days after the scratch or bite and can be mistaken for a bug bite.This bump is a wound at the site where the bacteria enter the body.This lesions are not painful.
Usually after a couple of weeks after the scratch or bite appears more lymph nodes close to the area of lesion,that swell and become tender.
Although the lesion is on the leg,this nodes will appear most often in the underarm or neck area,if the lesion is in the arm the nodes can appear in elbow and the armpit will swell.
The skin over these swollen lymph nodes become worm and red and occasionally can drain pus.
The symptoms may include fever,fatigue,loss of appetite,headache,rash.

If these symptomes exist try warm,moist compresses or give your child ibuprofen as imediate care.Most recomanded is to address to a doctor,for a sure diagnosis and treatment.

Vitamin C-Physiologic Role and Cosmetic Use

Vitamin C is found in plants and in milk (as animal source) but in poor amount.
The main source of vitamin C are fruits and vegetables like: citrus fruits,strowberies,green papper,cauliflower,cabbage,tomatos,beans.

Physiologic Role of Vitamin C:
-formation of the matrix that brinds cells of capillary wall,bone,teeth,cartilage,connective,tissue and skin.
-facilitates absorption of iron in the intestine
-plays a role in amino acid metabolism
-vitamin C is clodely related to suprarenal cortex hormones.

Deficiency of Vitamin C lead to "scurvy"-characterized by bleeding anywhere in the body,specially the gums,skin and mucous membranes and near joints and bones.

Is recomanded a 60mg intake of vitamin C a day for adults and more during pregnancy and lactation.

Vitamin C is known for its healing properties and cosmetic industry incorporates in their beauty products.Vitamin C is used for the whitening effect,to remove the death cells of the skin (good scrub),for its effect of healing (in case of acnea or irritations) in different forms for dermatologic treatment or care.
For a glowing skin choose a healthy diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables.A healthy lifestyle reflects on your skin.The external application is not enough.

Rickets-disease of growing bones on children

Rickets is a disease of growing bones,characterized by defective calcification of osteoid and epiphyseal cartilage.
Rickets is a deficiency problem of infants and young children between age of 4-6 months and 18-24 months (1 year and half-2 years).
Rickets is caused by Vitamin D deficiency.Vitamin D id needed for absorption,utilization and retation of ingested calcium and phosphorus,and so deficiency influences bone formation.

Predisposing factors:

1.General Factors:
-poor housing and slum areas as: deprived of satisfactory sunning,dust in polluted aircuts ultraviolet rays of the sun
-inadequate feeding and malnutrition
-recurrent diarrheal disease of infants and young children.

2.Maternal Factors:
-malnutrition of the pregnant
-repeated unspaced pregnancies
-defeciency of lactation on mather
-nutrition ignorance of mother.

3.Child Factor:
-insufficient exposure to sunlight (baby is kept indoors or is totally covered when going out)
-nonsuplimentation of diet with vitamin D (milk is poor).

Manifestations:
-softening of skull bones
-bossing of parietal and frontal bones
-enlarged metaphyseal areas of long bones.
-closing of anterior fontanell and eruption of teeth.
-skeletal pains
-deformation of long bones and pelvis in severe cases
-weak flabby muscle
-in severe cases softening of ribs interferes with normal respiration and predisposes ti onfection that may be serious and fatal.

The adequate diet for a good functioning of body

Adequate diet is a mixture of food stuffs selected to satisfy nutritional requirements of the body.
Which are the functions of Food?
-Function of body cells,bones and teeth,blood cells.
-Physiologic functioning of the body
-Energy need of the body.

1.Formation of cells:
The food helps to build up new cells during growth and pregnancy and to the maintenance of body cells.
For building and maintenance of bones and teeth id required the following nutrients:
-calcium and phosphorus (basic nutrients)
-vitamin D for absorbtion and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus
-flourine for healthy decay-resistant enamed of teeth.

In case of formation of body cells haemopoietic nutrients are needed:
-iron and protein to form haemoglobin
-vitamin B12 and folic acid for development and maturation of red cells (formed in the bone marrow)
-vitamin C helps absorption of iron
-copper helps absorption of iron and synthesis of haemoglobin

2.Physiologic Functioning of Body:
Certain nutrients are needed for different physiologic processes of the body,as respiration,secretion,digestion,absorption and metabolism.
Required nutrients are:
-B vitamins (they are coenzymes of different enzyme systems needed)
-vitamin A for formation and functioning of health epithelium of skin and mucous membranes.
-iodine: for formation of thyroid hormones
-others: vitamin K,calcium,phosphorus and water.

3.Energy Need of Body: to fulfil both basic energy requirements and performance of physical work and activity.
Required nutrients are:
-carbohydrates: digested and absorbed as glucose.The carbohydrates gives the larges part of energy requirement (60-70%)
-fat and protein.

The true about the daily requirement of water

Water forms about 70% of body weight.The water represents a necessity of life,being a constituent of all body cells,that is needed for body functioning.
About the daily requirement we hear recomandations like 2 liters ,that is necessary for a good hydration and a healthy function body.
Is true the water helps you eliminate the toxins of the body,keeps your body cells hydrated but we have to fix our water quantity according to many factors.
The daily water requirement varies with factors as climate,physical activity,age.
An adult in temperate climate need about 2-2,5 liters of water a day,obtained from potable water and water from ingested fluids and foods (fresh fruits and vegetables).
Atention,a healthy individual takes as much water as he needs for a satisfying feeling of thirst.
Consume more water (more that your body feels to consume) whit an increased activity,hot environment (more sweating) and conditions associated with excessive fluid loss,otherwise in certain conditions (dietary or healthy) you can create water retantion.