Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the commonest metabolic disease of bone and is characterised by:
-segnificantly reduced bone density(low bone mass,diminised amount of bone)
-increased bone fragility,with the risk of collapse of vertebral bodies and fractures of vertebre and bones.
Mass and bone density increase with age to attain optimal level between age of 30.The growth and development of bone are influenced by:genetic factors,adequate nutrition and growth steroids,significantly increased during puberty.
The bone is continually exposed to two process,bone formation and resorption,the first must gain the upper hand,as to prevent loss of bone.
As about the causes of osteoporosis some of them can be only occasionally and multiple causes are related the inability to reach the peak of optimal bone density before the age of 30 years and loss of bone substance,when resorption goes at higher rate than formation.
Predisposing and Risk factors:
I.Personal factors:
-Age:bone mass begins to decline around the age of 40 years and progress with age.At risk age factores is 50-75 years for type I,and over 70 for type II osteoporosis.
-Sex:women are signifcantly more ate risk that men due to:lower bone mass in women and much increased postmenopausal loss of bone.
-Slender body built(low body weight is a risk factor)
-Delaued puberty in males and menarche in females(sice increased growth steroids during puberty are a determinant of peak bone density).

II.Faulty Lifestyle:
-Diet(inadequate bone-forming and maintainig nutrients,excess protein cosumption for long time)
-Sedentary life:lack of physical activity and exercise(the exercises preserve bone mass)
-Smoking:increases loss of bone and may affect estrogen
-Alcohol consumption.

III.Morbidity:
-Endocrine disease:hyperparathyroidism,hypogonadism,diabetes.
-Rheumatoid arthritis
-Malignancy
-Others;chronic liver disease,chronic renal failure,anorexia nervosa.

Types of Osteoporosis:
Type I(including the menopausal)
Type II-of the elderly

Type I Osteoporosis;
Both men and women are involved,due to estrogen and androgen deficiency.
Mainly women are affected,commonly the postmenopausal middle-aged.Gives painful vertebral fractures.At risk age of fractures: 50-75 years.
Osteoporosis of Menopause:
Menopause osteoporosis is due to estrogen deficiency.In men causes of hypogonadism are at risk of osteoporosis type I.

Type II Osteoporosis;
It is osteoporosis of the elderly,due to changes of bone mass with age.Both men and women over 70 years are at risk,though may be more in women.
Causes:aging in associated with deficiency of calcium and vitamin D that are needed for maintenance of boe and prevention of bone loss.
Cases are exposed to fractures commonly of:hip(fracture neck femur) and vertebre(collapse of vertebral bodies)

Prevention of Osteoporosis:
Prevention is based on increasing bone density and preventing loss of bone.
1.Healthful lifestyle:adequate nutritio,physical activity and exercise and no smoking and alcohol.Balanced diet with special consideration of bone(calcium,vitamin D).
Supplementatio may be given when necessary on medical advice for calcium(oral),vitamin D(oral),fluoride(oral).
2.Hormonal Prophylaxis:
-estrogen:for postmenopausal women,specially during first 10 years
-antrogens for men
Don't take drugs without medical advice.